%%% ====================================================================
%%% @BibTeX-style-file{
%%% author = "American Mathematical Society",
%%% version = "1.2beta",
%%% date = "13-Oct-1994",
%%% time = "15:30:52 EDT",
%%% filename = "amsplain.bst",
%%% copyright = "Copyright (C) 1994 American Mathematical Society,
%%% all rights reserved. Copying of this file is
%%% authorized only if either:
%%% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy,
%%% including name; OR
%%% (2) if you do make changes, you first rename it
%%% to some other name.",
%%% address = "American Mathematical Society,
%%% Technical Support,
%%% Electronic Products and Services,
%%% P. O. Box 6248,
%%% Providence, RI 02940,
%%% USA",
%%% telephone = "401-455-4080 or (in the USA and Canada)
%%% 800-321-4AMS (321-4267)",
%%% FAX = "401-331-3842",
%%% checksum = "24224 1242 3737 26872",
%%% email = "tech-support@math.ams.org (Internet)",
%%% codetable = "ISO/ASCII",
%%% keywords = "bibtex, bibliography, amslatex, ams-latex",
%%% supported = "yes",
%%% abstract = "BibTeX bibliography style `amsplain' for BibTeX
%%% versions 0.99a or later and LaTeX version 2e.
%%% Produces alphabetic-label bibliography items in
%%% a form typical for American Mathematical Society
%%% publications.",
%%% docstring = "The checksum field above contains a CRC-16
%%% checksum as the first value, followed by the
%%% equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word
%%% count) utility output of lines, words, and
%%% characters. This is produced by Robert
%%% Solovay's checksum utility.",
%%% }
%%% ====================================================================
% See the file btxbst.doc for extra documentation other than
% what is included here. And see btxhak.tex for a description
% of the BibTeX language and how to use it.
% This defines the types of fields that can occur in a database entry
% for this particular bibliography style. Except for `language',
% this is the standard list from plain.bst.
%% Types of entries currently allowed in a BibTeX file:
%%
%% ARTICLE -- An article from a journal or magazine.
%%
%% BOOK -- A book with an explicit publisher.
%%
%% BOOKLET -- A work that is printed and bound,
%% but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution.
%%
%% CONFERENCE -- The same as INPROCEEDINGS,
%% included for Scribe compatibility.
%%
%% INBOOK -- A part of a book,
%% which may be a chapter (or section or whatever) and/or a range of pages.
%%
%% INCOLLECTION -- A part of a book having its own title.
%%
%% INPROCEEDINGS -- An article in a conference proceedings.
%%
%% MANUAL -- Technical documentation.
%%
%% MASTERSTHESIS -- A Master's thesis.
%%
%% MISC -- Use this type when nothing else fits.
%%
%% PHDTHESIS -- A PhD thesis.
%%
%% PROCEEDINGS -- The proceedings of a conference.
%%
%% TECHREPORT -- A report published by a school or other institution,
%% usually numbered within a series.
%%
%% UNPUBLISHED -- A document having an author and title, but not formally
%% published.
ENTRY
{ address
author
booktitle
chapter
edition
editor
howpublished
institution
journal
key
language
month
note
number
organization
pages
publisher
school
series
title
type
volume
year
}
{}
{ label extra.label }
% Removed after.sentence, after.block---not needed.
INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence }
FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'before.all :=
#1 'mid.sentence :=
}
% Scratch variables:
STRINGS { s t }
% Utility functions
FUNCTION {shows}
{ duplicate$ ":::: `" swap$ * "'" * top$
}
FUNCTION {showstack}
{"STACK====================================================================="
top$
stack$
"ENDSTACK=================================================================="
top$
}
FUNCTION {not}
{ { #0 }
{ #1 }
if$
}
FUNCTION {and}
{ 'skip$
{ pop$ #0 }
if$
}
FUNCTION {or}
{ { pop$ #1 }
'skip$
if$
}
FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
'skip$
if$
}
FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
{ "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * }
if$
}
% n.dashify is used to make sure page ranges get the TeX code
% (two hyphens) for en-dashes.
FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{ 't :=
""
{ t empty$ not }
{ t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
{ "--" *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
}
{ { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
{ "-" *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
}
while$
}
if$
}
{ t #1 #1 substring$ *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
}
if$
}
while$
}
% tie.or.space.connect connects two items with a ~ if the
% second item is less than 3 letters long, otherwise it just puts an
% ordinary space.
FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
{ "~" }
{ " " }
if$
swap$ * *
}
FUNCTION {add.space.if.necessary}
{ duplicate$ "" =
'skip$
{ " " * }
if$
}
% either.or.check gives a warning if two mutually exclusive fields
% were used in the database.
FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
'pop$
{ "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
if$
}
% output.nonnull is called by output.
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
% remove the top item from the stack because it's in the way.
{ 's :=
output.state mid.sentence =
% If we're in mid-sentence, add a comma to the new top item and write it
{ ", " * write$ }
% Otherwise, if we're at the beginning of a bibitem,
{ output.state before.all =
% just write out the top item from the stack;
'write$
% and the last alternative is that we're at the end of the current
% bibitem, so we add a period to the top stack item and write it out.
{ add.period$ " " * write$ }
if$
mid.sentence 'output.state :=
}
if$
% Put the top item back on the stack that we removed earlier.
s
}
% Output checks to see if the stack top is empty; if not, it
% calls output.nonnull to write it out.
FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
'pop$
'output.nonnull
if$
}
% Standard warning message for a missing or empty field. For the user
% we call any such field `missing' without respect to the distinction
% made by BibTeX between missing and empty.
FUNCTION {missing.warning}
{ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
% Output.check is like output except that it gives a warning on-screen
% if the given field in the database entry is empty. t is the field
% name.
FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ t missing.warning }
'output.nonnull
if$
}
FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
"\bibitem{" write$
cite$ write$
"}" write$
newline$
% This empty string is the first thing that will be written
% the next time write$ is called. Done this way because each
% item is saved on the stack until we find out what punctuation
% should be added after it. Therefore we need an empty first item.
""
before.all 'output.state :=
}
FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ add.period$
write$
newline$
}
% Removed new.block, new.block.checka, new.block.checkb, new.sentence,
% new.sentence.checka, and new.sentence.checkb functions here, since they
% don't seem to be needed in the AMS style. Also moved some real
% basic functions like `and' and 'or' earlier in the file.
INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
% The extra section to write out a language field was added
% for AMSPLAIN.BST. Not present in plain.bst.
FUNCTION {format.language}
{ language empty$
{ "" }
{ " (" language * ")" * }
if$
}
% This version of format.names puts names in the format
%
% First von Last, Jr.
%
% (i.e., first name first, no abbreviating to initials).
FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 's :=
#1 'nameptr :=
s num.names$ 'numnames :=
numnames 'namesleft :=
{ namesleft #0 > }
{ s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
nameptr #1 >
{ namesleft #1 >
{ ", " * t * }
{ numnames #2 >
{ "," * }
'skip$
if$
t "others" =
{ " et~al." * }
{ " and " * t * }
if$
}
if$
}
't
if$
nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
}
while$
}
FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author empty$
{ "" }
{ extra.label "\bysame" =
{"\bysame"}
{ author format.names }
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor empty$
{ "" }
{ editor format.names
editor num.names$ #1 >
{ " (eds.)" * }
{ " (ed.)" * }
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.nonauthor.editors}
{ editor empty$
{ "" }
{ editor format.names
editor num.names$ #1 >
{ ", eds." * }
{ ", ed." * }
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title empty$
{ "" }
{ title "t" change.case$ emphasize }
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.journal.vol.year}
{ journal empty$
{ "journal name" missing.warning ""}
{ journal }
if$
volume empty$
'skip$
{ " \textbf{" * volume * "}" * }
if$
year empty$
{ "year" missing.warning }
{ " (" * year * ")" * }
if$
}
% For formatting the issue number for a journal article.
FUNCTION {format.number}
{ number empty$
{ "" }
{ "no.~" number * }
if$
}
% For formatting miscellaneous dates
FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year empty$
{ month empty$
{ "" }
{ "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
month
}
if$
}
{ month empty$
'year
{ month " " * year * }
if$
}
if$
}
%% The volume, series and number information is sort of tricky.
%% This code handles it as follows:
%% If the series is present, and the volume, but not the number,
%% then we do "\emph{Book title}, Series Name, vol. 000"
%% If the series is present, and the number, but not the volume,
%% then we do "\emph{Book title}, Series Name, no. 000"
%% If the series is present, and both number and volume,
%% then we do "\emph{Book title}, vol. XX, Series Name, no. 000"
%% Finally, if the series is absent,
%% then we do "\emph{Book title}, vol. XX"
%% or "\emph{Book title}, no. 000"
%% and if both volume and number are present, give a warning message.
FUNCTION {format.bookvolume.series.number}
{ volume empty$
{ "" % Push the empty string as a placeholder in case everything else
% is empty too.
series empty$
'skip$
{ pop$ series } % if series is not empty put in stack
if$
number empty$
'skip$
{ duplicate$ empty$ % if no preceding material,
'skip$ % do nothing, otherwise
{ ", " * } % add a comma and space to separate.
if$
"no." number tie.or.space.connect * % add the number information
}
if$
}
%% If the volume is NOT EMPTY:
{ "vol." volume tie.or.space.connect % vol. XX
number empty$
{ series empty$
'skip$
{ series ", " * swap$ *} % Series Name, vol. XX
if$
}
{ series empty$
{ "can't use both volume and number if series info is missing"
warning$
"in BibTeX entry type `" type$ * "'" * top$
}
{ ", " * series * ", no." * number tie.or.space.connect }
if$
}
if$
}
if$
} % end of format.bookvolume.series.number
%% format.inproc.title.where.editors is used by inproceedings entry types
FUNCTION {format.inproc.title.address.editors}
{ booktitle empty$
{ "" }
%% No case changing or emphasizing for the title. We want initial
%% caps, roman.
{ booktitle }
if$
%% We add parentheses around the address (place where conference
%% was held).
address empty$
'skip$
{ add.space.if.necessary "(" * address * ")" * }
if$
%% Likewise we add parentheses around the editors' names.
editor empty$
'skip$
{ add.space.if.necessary "(" * format.nonauthor.editors * ")" * }
if$
}
%% format.incoll.title.editors is similar to format.inproc... but
%% omits the address. For collections that are not proceedings volumes.
FUNCTION {format.incoll.title.editors}
{ booktitle empty$
{ "" }
%% No case changing or emphasizing for the title. We want initial
%% caps, roman.
{ booktitle }
if$
%% We add parentheses around the editors' names.
editor empty$
'skip$
{ add.space.if.necessary "(" * format.nonauthor.editors * ")" * }
if$
}
% Desired output for format.number.series:
%
% Lecture Notes in Math., no.~1224
FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ series empty$
{ number empty$
{ "" }
{ "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
if$
}
{ series
number empty$
'skip$
{ ", no.~" * number * }
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition empty$
{ "" }
{ output.state mid.sentence =
{ edition "l" change.case$ " ed." * }
{ edition "t" change.case$ " ed." * }
if$
}
if$
}
INTEGERS { multiresult }
FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
#0 'multiresult :=
{ multiresult not
t empty$ not
and
}
{ t #1 #1 substring$
duplicate$ "-" =
swap$ duplicate$ "," =
swap$ "+" =
or or
{ #1 'multiresult := }
{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
if$
}
while$
multiresult
}
FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages empty$
{ "" }
{ pages n.dashify }
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.book.pages}
{ pages empty$
{ "" }
{ pages multi.page.check
{ "pp.~" pages n.dashify * }
{ "p.~" pages * }
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
'format.pages
{ type empty$
{ "ch.~" }
{ type "l" change.case$ " " * }
if$
chapter *
pages empty$
'skip$
{ ", " * format.book.pages * }
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
and and and and and
key empty$ not and
{ "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
'skip$
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type empty$
'skip$
{ pop$
type "t" change.case$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ type empty$
{ "Tech. Report" }
'type
if$
number empty$
{ "t" change.case$ }
{ number tie.or.space.connect }
if$
}
% The format.crossref functions haven't been paid much attention
% at the present time (June 1990) and could probably use some
% work. MJD
FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{ key empty$
{ journal empty$
{ "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref *
warning$
""
}
{ "In " journal * }
if$
}
{ "In " key * }
if$
" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
editor num.names$ duplicate$
#2 >
{ pop$ " et~al." * }
{ #2 <
'skip$
{ editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
{ " et~al." * }
{ " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
if$
}
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume empty$
{ "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
"In "
}
{ "Vol." volume tie.or.space.connect
" of " *
}
if$
editor empty$
editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
or
{ key empty$
{ series empty$
{ "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
crossref * warning$
"" *
}
{ series * }
if$
}
{ key * }
if$
}
{ format.crossref.editor * }
if$
" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{ editor empty$
editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
or
{ key empty$
{ booktitle empty$
{ "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
crossref * warning$
""
}
{ "In \emph{" booktitle * "}" * }
if$
}
{ "In " key * }
if$
}
{ "In " format.crossref.editor * }
if$
" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% The main functions for each entry type.
% journal, vol and year are formatted together because they are
% not separated by commas.
FUNCTION {article}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
format.title "title" output.check
crossref missing$
{ format.journal.vol.year output
format.number output
format.pages "pages" output.check
}
{ format.article.crossref output.nonnull
format.pages output
}
if$
format.language *
note output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {book}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
{ format.authors output.nonnull
crossref missing$
{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
'skip$
if$
}
if$
format.title "title" output.check
format.edition output
crossref missing$
{ format.bookvolume.series.number output
publisher "publisher" output.check
address output
}
{ format.book.crossref output.nonnull
}
if$
format.date "year" output.check
format.language *
note output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {booklet}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors output
format.title "title" output.check
howpublished output
address output
format.date output
note output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {inbook}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
{ format.authors output.nonnull
crossref missing$
{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
'skip$
if$
}
if$
title "title" output.check
crossref missing$
{ format.bookvolume.series.number output
format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
format.number.series output
publisher "publisher" output.check
address output
}
{ format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
format.book.crossref output.nonnull
}
if$
format.edition output
format.date "year" output.check
format.book.pages output
format.language *
note output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {incollection}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
format.title "title" output.check
crossref missing$
{ format.incoll.title.editors "booktitle" output.check
format.bookvolume.series.number output
publisher "publisher" output.check
address output
format.edition output
format.date "year" output.check
}
{ format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
}
if$
note output
format.book.pages output
format.language *
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
format.title "title" output.check
crossref missing$
{ format.inproc.title.address.editors "booktitle" output.check
format.bookvolume.series.number output
organization output
publisher output
format.date "year" output.check
}
{ format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
}
if$
note output
format.book.pages output
format.language *
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
FUNCTION {manual}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ organization empty$
'skip$
{ organization output.nonnull
address output
}
if$
}
{ format.authors output.nonnull }
if$
format.title "title" output.check
author empty$
{ organization empty$
{ address output }
'skip$
if$
}
{ organization output
address output
}
if$
format.edition output
format.date output
note output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
format.title "title" output.check
"Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
school "school" output.check
address output
format.date "year" output.check
note output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {misc}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors output
format.title output
howpublished output
format.date output
note output
format.book.pages output
fin.entry
empty.misc.check
}
FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
format.title "title" output.check
"Ph.D. thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
school "school" output.check
address output
format.date "year" output.check
note output
format.book.pages output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ output.bibitem
editor empty$
{ organization output }
{ format.editors output.nonnull }
if$
format.title "title" output.check
format.bookvolume.series.number output
address empty$
{ editor empty$
'skip$
{ organization output }
if$
publisher output
format.date "year" output.check
}
{ address output.nonnull
editor empty$
'skip$
{ organization output }
if$
publisher output
format.date "year" output.check
}
if$
note output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {techreport}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
format.title "title" output.check
format.tr.number output.nonnull
institution "institution" output.check
address output
format.date "year" output.check
note output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
format.title "title" output.check
note "note" output.check
format.date output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
MACRO {jan} {"January"}
MACRO {feb} {"February"}
MACRO {mar} {"March"}
MACRO {apr} {"April"}
MACRO {may} {"May"}
MACRO {jun} {"June"}
MACRO {jul} {"July"}
MACRO {aug} {"August"}
MACRO {sep} {"September"}
MACRO {oct} {"October"}
MACRO {nov} {"November"}
MACRO {dec} {"December"}
READ
FUNCTION {sortify}
{ purify$
"l" change.case$
}
INTEGERS { len }
FUNCTION {chop.word}
{ 's :=
'len :=
s #1 len substring$ =
{ s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
's
if$
}
FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
{ 's :=
#1 'nameptr :=
""
s num.names$ 'numnames :=
numnames 'namesleft :=
{ namesleft #0 > }
{ nameptr #1 >
{ " " * }
'skip$
if$
s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
{ "et al" * }
{ t sortify * }
if$
nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
}
while$
}
FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
{ 't :=
"A " #2
"An " #3
"The " #4 t chop.word
chop.word
chop.word
sortify
#1 global.max$ substring$
}
FUNCTION {author.sort}
{ author empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ author sort.format.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
{ author empty$
{ editor empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ editor sort.format.names }
if$
}
{ author sort.format.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {author.organization.sort}
{ author empty$
{ organization empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
if$
}
{ author sort.format.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort}
{ editor empty$
{ organization empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
if$
}
{ editor sort.format.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {presort}
{ type$ "book" =
type$ "inbook" =
or
'author.editor.sort
{ type$ "proceedings" =
'editor.organization.sort
{ type$ "manual" =
'author.organization.sort
'author.sort
if$
}
if$
}
if$
" "
*
year field.or.null sortify
*
" "
*
title field.or.null
sort.format.title
*
#1 entry.max$ substring$
'sort.key$ :=
}
ITERATE {presort}
SORT
STRINGS { longest.label prev.author this.author }
INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width }
FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
#1 'number.label :=
#0 'longest.label.width :=
"abcxyz" 'prev.author :=
"" 'this.author :=
}
FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
label width$ longest.label.width >
{ label 'longest.label :=
label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
}
'skip$
if$
author empty$
{ editor empty$
{ "" }
'editor
if$
}
'author
if$
'this.author :=
this.author prev.author =
{ "\bysame" 'extra.label := }
{ "" 'extra.label :=
this.author "" =
{ "abcxyz" }
'this.author
if$
'prev.author :=
}
if$
}
EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
'skip$
{ preamble$ write$ newline$ }
if$
"\providecommand{\bysame}{\leavevmode\hbox to3em{\hrulefill}\thinspace}"
write$ newline$
"\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {begin.bib}
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
ITERATE {call.type$}
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
"\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {end.bib}
%% \CharacterTable
%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
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